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Condensador enfriado por aire para sistema de refrigeración industrial de por compresión con R22 La condensación se puede producir bien utilizando aire mediante el uso de un ventilador o con agua (esta última suele ser en circuito cerrado con torre de refrigeración, en un río o la mar). La condensación sirve para condensar el vapor, después de realizar un trabajo termodinámico p.ej. una turbina de vapor o para condensar el vapor comprimido de un compresor de frío en un circuito frigorífico. Cabe la posibilidad de seguir enfriando ese fluido, obteniéndose líquido subenfriado en el caso del aire acondicionado. El condensador termodinámico es utilizado muchas veces en la industria de la refrigeración, el aire acondicionado o en la industria naval y en la producción de energía eléctrica, en centrales térmicas o nucleares. Adopta diferentes formas según el fluido y el medio. En el caso de un sistema fluido/aire, está compuesto por uno tubo de diámetro constante que curva 180° cada cierta longitud y unas láminas, generalmente de aluminio, entre las que circula el aire. Un condensador es un cambiador de calor latente que convierte el vapor de su estado gaseoso a su estado líquido, también conocido como fase de transición. El propósito es condensar la salida (o extractor) de vapor de la turbina de vapor para así obtener máxima eficiencia e igualmente obtener el vapor condensado en forma de agua pura de regreso a la caldera. Condensando el vapor del extractor de la turbina de vapor, la presión del extractor es reducida arriba de la presión atmosférica hasta debajo de lapresión atmosférica, incrementando la caída de presión del vapor entre la entrada y la salida de la turbina de vapor. Esta reducción de la presión en el extractor de la turbina de vapor, genera más calor por unidad de masa de vapor entregado a la turbina de vapor, por conversión de poder mecánico. TIPOS Los condensadores que emplean aire como fluido refrigerante, llamados Aerocondensadores, tienen un bajo rendimiento y, por tanto, necesitan de grandes superficies para ser instalados. Este es el motivo de que el uso de este tipo de condensadores no esté generalizado, pasando a usarse sólo en los casos en los que no haya disponibilidad de agua. Nos centraremos, por tanto, en los condensadores de agua como fluido refrigerante. Los condensadores de las central térmica son cambiadores de calor tubulares, de superficie, del tipo carcasa y tubo en los que el agua (fluido refrigerante) circula por los tubos y el vapor (fluido enfriado) circula por el lado de la carcasa. Los tubos están dispuestos de forma horizontal, con una pequeña pendiente para poder ser drenados con facilidad y agrupados en paquetes. Las partes más significativas de un condensador son:
Tipos de condensadores para centrales térmicasSegún su disposición relativa con respecto de la turbina de vapor, los condensadores pueden clasificarse en:
A compressor is a machine of fluid which is constructed to increase the pressure and displace a certain type called compressible fluid, as are the gases and vapors. This is done through an energy exchange between the machine and the fluid in which the work exerted by the compressor is transferred to the substance passing through it becoming flow energy, increasing its pressure and kinetic energy to flow propelling. As pumps, compressors also displace fluid, but unlike the first hydraulic machines which are, they are heat engines, as its working fluid is compressible, undergoes a significant change in density, and generally also the temperature ; unlike fans and blowers, which drive compressible fluids but do not increase its pressure, density or temperature significantly. Classification according to the method of exchange of energy: Different types of air compressors, but all perform the same work: draw air from the atmosphere, compress it to do a job and returns to be reused. • The piston compressor: an air compressor is simple. . A shaft driven by an electric motor is rotated to raise and lower the piston within a chamber. On each downward stroke of the piston, air is introduced into the chamber through a valve. On each upward movement of the piston, compressed air and another valve is opened to compress said molecules of air during this movement the first mentioned valve closes. Compressed air is guided to a reserve tank. This tank allows the transport of air through various hoses on the compressor. The majority of air compressors for domestic use are of this type. • The screw compressor: Even simpler than the piston compressor, screw compressor is also driven by electric motors. The main difference is that the screw compressor uses two long screws to compress the air inside a large chamber. To avoid injury of the screws, oil is inserted to keep the whole system lubricated. The oil is mixed with air in the chamber inlet and is transported to the space between the two screws rotator. Upon exiting the chamber, air and oil passing through a long-oil separator where the air and passes through a ready small hole filtering. The oil is cooled and reused while the air goes to the reserve tank to be used for a job. • Pendulum System Taurozzi • Reciprocating or Alternate use pistons (block-system as a piston-cylinder internal combustion engines). Valves which open and close by movement of piston draws / compressed gas. Compressor is used in small powers. May be of the hermetic, semi-hermetic or open. The domestic use are airtight, and can not be operated on to repair.the larger capacity are semi-hermetic or open, which can be disassembled and repaired. • Spiral (Orbital, Scroll) • Rotary screw (screw, Screw): compression of the gas is continuously, by passing through two rotating screws. Are higher performance and a simple power regulation, but its complexity makes mechanical and cost is used mainly in high power, only. • Rotodinámicos or Turbomachines: Use a shovel or blade impeller to push and compress the working fluid. In turn these are classified as: Axial ◦ ◦ Radio A compressor is a machine of fluid Constructed Which is to increase the pressure and displace Called A Certain type understandable to fluid, as gases and vapors are the.This is done-through an energy exchange Between the machine and the fluid in Which the work exerted by the compressor is transferred is to the Substance Passing Through it becoming energy flow, pressure and STI Increasing kinetic energy to flow propelling. As pumps, compressors Also displace fluid, But unlike the first hydraulic machines Which are, They are heat engines, as its working fluid is understandable to, undergoes a significant change in density, and the temperature Generally Also, unlike fans and blowers, Which drive understandable to But fluids do not increase STI pressure, density or temperature Significantly. Classification According To the method of exchange of energy: Different types of air compressors, But the Same Perform all work: draw air from the atmosphere, compress it to do a job and returns to be reused. • The piston compressor: an air compressor is simple. . A shaft driven by an electric motor is rotated to raise and lower the piston Within a chamber. On Each of the piston downward stroke, air is Introduced Into the chamber through to valve. On upward movement Each of the piston, compressed air and another valve is Opened to compress said molecules of air DURING the first Mentioned this movement closes valve. Compressed air is guided to a reserve tank. This tank Allows the transport of air-through Various hoses on the compressor. The Majority of air compressors for domestic use are de este type. • The screw compressor: Even simpler than the piston compressor, screw compressor driven by también electric motors. The main difference is the screw compressor That use two long screws to compress the air inside a large chamber. To Avoid injury of the screws, oil is inserted to keep the whole system lubricated. The oil is mixed with air in the chamber inlet and is Transported to the Space Between the two screws rotator. Upon exiting the chamber, air and oil passing through to long-oil separator and passes Where the air ready small hole through to filtering. The oil is cooled and reused while the air goes to the reserve tank to be Used for a job. • Pendulum System Taurozzi • Reciprocating pistons or Alternate use (block-system as a piston-cylinder internal combustion engines). Which valves open and close by movement of piston draws / compressed gas. Compressor is Used in small powers. May be of the hermetic, semi-hermetic or open. The domestic use are airtight, and can not be operated on to repair.the larger capacity semi-hermetic or are open, Which can be Disassembled and Repaired. • Spiral (Orbital, Scroll) • Rotary screw (screw, Screw): compression of the gas is Continuously, by passing-through two rotating screws. Are Higher performance and the naked power regulation, But Makes STI mechanical complexity and cost is Used Mainly in high power, only. • Rotodinámicos or Turbomachines: Use a shovel or blade impeller to push and compress the working fluid. In turn These are classified as: Axial ◦ ◦ Radio |
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